Neurons and Synapses

Neurons and Synapses Definition 

• neurons and synapses, representing the fundamental unit of neural communication where electrical or chemical signals are transmitted from one neuron to another.
• It emphasizes the inseparable relationship between the nerve cell (neuron) and its connection point (synapse) in processing and transmitting information within the nervous system.

Neurons

• Neurons are the fundamental units of the brain and nervous system. They are specialized cells that transmit information through electrical and chemical signals.
• A neuron consists of:
  • Dendrites (receive signals)
  • Cell body (Soma) (processes signals)
  • Axon (sends signals)
  • Axon terminals (release neurotransmitters)

Synapse

• A synapse is the junction between two neurons where communication occurs.
• It consists of:
  1. Presynaptic neuron – Sends the signal.
  2. Synaptic cleft – The gap between neurons.
  3. Postsynaptic neuron – Receives the signal.

Types

1. Chemical Synapses – Use neurotransmitters like dopamine and serotonin.
2. Electrical Synapses – Direct, faster connections via gap junctions.

How They Work Together

1. A neuron receives a signal.
2. The signal travels down the axon.
3. Neurotransmitters are released into the synapse.
4. The next neuron receives and processes the signal.

Functions of the Nervous System

• The nervous system performs three primary functions:

  1. Sensory Function

     • Sensory nerves gather information from both inside the body and the external environment.
     • This information is then transmitted to the central nervous system.

  2. Integrative Function

     • The brain processes sensory information, leading to sensations, thought processes, and memory formation.

  3. Motor Function

     • Motor nerves carry information from the central nervous system to muscles and glands, enabling them to function.

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