Nootropics (“Smart Drugs”)

Nootropics (“Smart Drugs”) are cognitive enhancers that improve memory, focus, learning, and mental performance.

Definition of Nootropics (“Smart Drugs”):

• Nootropics are agents that enhance cognitive functions such as memory, learning, creativity, and attention, especially in individuals with cognitive impairments.
• Some also show mild effects in healthy individuals.

Common Nootropic Agents:

1. Cholinesterase Inhibitors

   • Examples:
     • Donepezil, Rivastigmine, Galantamine
   • Mechanism:
     • Inhibit breakdown of acetylcholine, improving synaptic transmission in the brain
   • Use:
     • Alzheimer’s disease, dementia

2. NMDA Receptor Antagonist

   • Example:
     • Memantine
   • Mechanism:
     • Blocks excess glutamate activity to prevent excitotoxicity
   • Use:
     • Moderate to severe Alzheimer’s

3. Racetams

   • Examples:
     • Piracetam, Aniracetam
   • Mechanism:
     • Enhance neurotransmission via AMPA, NMDA, and cholinergic systems
     • Improve neuronal plasticity
   • Uses:
     • Cognitive impairment (experimental/controversial in healthy individuals)
   • Adverse Effects:
     • Generally, well tolerated
     • Insomnia, nervousness in some cases

4. Cerebrovascular Enhancers

   • Examples:
     • Vinpocetine, Ginkgo biloba (herbal)
   • Mechanism:
     • Increase cerebral blood flow
     • Antioxidant properties
   • Uses:
     • Age-related memory decline
     • Post-stroke recovery (limited evidence)
   • Adverse Effects:
     • Bleeding risk (Ginkgo)
     • GI upset, dizziness

5. Other Nootropics

   • Modafinil (also a stimulant): Enhances executive function and wakefulness
   • Omega-3 fatty acids (DHA/EPA): Supportive role in cognition and mood

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