Optical and Geometrical Definition
- Optical and Geometrical Isomerism: Stereoisomerism is a form of isomerism in which compounds have the same molecular formula and sequence of bonded atoms (constitution) but differ in the spatial arrangement of atoms or groups.
- It includes geometrical isomerism, which arises from restricted rotation around double bonds or ring structures leading to cis-trans forms Optical and Geometrical Isomerism.
Optical:
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Definition:
- Optical isomers (enantiomers) are non-superimposable mirror images of each other. They contain one or more chiral centers (usually carbon atoms with four different substituents).
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Biological Impact:
- Enantioselectivity: Biological systems are chiral. Often, only one enantiomer is therapeutically active, while the other may be inactive or even cause adverse effects.
- Pharmacokinetics and Dynamics: The two enantiomers can have different rates of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME), as well as different receptor binding profiles.
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Geometrical:
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Definition:
- Geometrical isomers (cis/trans or E/Z isomers) arise due to the restricted rotation around double bonds or within ring structures.
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Biological Impact:
- Receptor Binding: The spatial arrangement (cis vs. trans) can influence how well the molecule fits into a receptor’s binding site.
- Physical Properties: Geometrical isomers may exhibit differences in solubility, melting point, and overall stability, affecting their formulation and bioavailability.
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