- Oral Hypoglycemic (Antidiabetic) Agents: Include sulfonylureas, biguanides, gliptins, gliflozins, and others.
- Oral Hypoglycemic (Antidiabetic) Agents: Lower blood glucose in type 2 diabetes by enhancing insulin action or secretion.
- These agents are primarily used in type 2 diabetes to enhance insulin secretion, improve insulin sensitivity, or reduce glucose production.
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Sulfonylureas (e.g., glipizide, glyburide):
- Mechanism: Stimulate pancreatic β-cells to release insulin.
- Use: First-line therapy in type 2 diabetes.
- Side Effects: Hypoglycemia, weight gain.
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Biguanides (e.g., metformin):
- Mechanism: Decrease hepatic gluconeogenesis and improve insulin sensitivity.
- Use: First-line treatment for type 2 diabetes.
- Side Effects: Gastrointestinal upset, lactic acidosis (rare).
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Thiazolidinediones (e.g., pioglitazone, rosiglitazone):
- Mechanism: Activate PPAR-γ receptors to improve insulin sensitivity.
- Use: Adjunct therapy in type 2 diabetes.
- Side Effects: Weight gain, edema, risk of heart failure, bone fractures.
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DPP-4 Inhibitors (e.g., sitagliptin, saxagliptin):
- Mechanism: Inhibit dipeptidyl peptidase-4, prolonging incretin hormones which increase insulin secretion and decrease glucagon.
- Use: Type 2 diabetes.
- Side Effects: Nasopharyngitis, pancreatitis (rare).
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SGLT2 Inhibitors (e.g., canagliflozin, dapagliflozin):
- Mechanism: Inhibit sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 in the kidneys, promoting glucose excretion.
- Use: Type 2 diabetes, reducing cardiovascular risk.
- Side Effects: Genital infections, urinary tract infections, dehydration.
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GLP-1 Receptor Agonists (e.g., exenatide, liraglutide):
- Mechanism: Mimic glucagon-like peptide-1, enhancing insulin secretion and suppressing glucagon.
- Use: Type 2 diabetes, weight management.
- Side Effects: Gastrointestinal disturbances, risk of pancreatitis.
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