Parathyroid glands

• The parathyroid glands are small endocrine glands in the neck that play a crucial role in calcium homeostasis, which is essential for various bodily functions including bone health, muscle function, and nerve signaling.

• Humans typically have four parathyroid glands, though the number can vary, located on the back of the thyroid gland in the neck.

Structure of Parathyroid glands

1. Location and Number:

   • Usually four glands (two on each side), positioned behind the thyroid gland, though this can vary.

2. Size and Shape:

   • Each gland is small, about the size of a grain of rice (3-4 mm), with a reddish-brown color.

Function of Parathyroid glands

• The parathyroid glands regulate calcium and phosphate levels by secreting parathyroid hormone (PTH).
  1. PTH increases calcium levels in the blood by:
     • Stimulating calcium release from bones.
     • Increasing calcium absorption in the intestines (via vitamin D activation).
     • Increasing calcium reabsorption in the kidneys.
  2. PTH also reduces phosphate reabsorption in the kidneys, increasing phosphate excretion.

Disorders of the Parathyroid Glands

1. Hyperparathyroidism:

   • Overproduction of PTH, causing high calcium levels (hypercalcemia).
   • Often caused by a benign tumor (adenoma).
   • Symptoms include osteoporosis, kidney stones, fatigue, and depression.

2. Hypoparathyroidism:

   • Underproduction of PTH, leading to low calcium levels (hypocalcemia).
   • Causes include surgery, autoimmune disease, or genetic factors.
   • Symptoms include muscle cramps, tingling, and in severe cases, seizures.

3. Secondary Hyperparathyroidism:

   • Occurs in response to low calcium levels, often due to chronic kidney disease or vitamin D deficiency.
   • Prolonged condition can lead to bone disease.

Treatment of Parathyroid glands

• Treatment for parathyroid disorders depends on the type, cause, and severity of the condition. It may include:
  • Surgery: Often recommended for primary hyperparathyroidism, to remove the overactive gland(s).
  • Medication: Drugs may be used to manage symptoms or the underlying cause, such as vitamin D analogs, calcium supplements, or drugs that mimic calcium to inhibit PTH secretion in cases of hypoparathyroidism.
  • Monitoring: In cases where immediate treatment isn’t necessary, regular monitoring of blood calcium levels and bone density may be advised.
• Correctly diagnosing and managing parathyroid disorders is crucial for maintaining calcium balance and preventing complications associated with abnormal calcium levels.

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