Preparation of Insulin

Preparation of Insulin

Preparation of insulin involves extraction or recombinant DNA technology to produce purified hormone for diabetes treatment.

1. Formation of Preproinsulin:

   • Insulin synthesis begins with preproinsulin (110 amino acids), synthesized in the rough endoplasmic reticulum.

2. Conversion to Proinsulin:

   • Preproinsulin is processed in the Golgi apparatus to form proinsulin, an inactive precursor.

3. Folding and Bond Formation:

   • Proinsulin folds to form three disulfide bonds, linking the A-chain and B-chain.

4. Packaging into Vesicles:

   • Folded proinsulin is packaged into secretory vesicles for further processing.

5. Cleavage by Enzymes:

   • Enzymes (Proprotein Convertase 1/3 and Proprotein Convertase 2) cleave the C-peptide from proinsulin.

6. Final Processing:

   • Carboxypeptidase E removes terminal amino acids, yielding active insulin.

7. Active Insulin:

   • Active insulin consists of:
     • Chain A: 21 amino acids.
     • Chain B: 30 amino acids.
   • Chains are connected by two disulfide bonds.

8. Secretion:

   • Active insulin is secreted into the bloodstream to regulate blood sugar and metabolic processes.

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