Stress And Strain

• Stress and Strain help study elasticity, plasticity, and strength of engineering materials.
• Stress and Strain explain material response—stress is force per area; strains is deformation ratio.

Stress (σ)

• Definition: Stress is the internal force per unit area exerted by a material when an external force is applied.
• Formula:

$\sigma = \frac{F}{A}$

• Where:
  • σ = stress (N/m² or Pascals)
  • F = force applied
  • A = cross-sectional area

Strain (ε)

• Definition: Strains is the relative change in dimension (usually length) caused by stress.
• Formula:

$\varepsilon = \frac{\Delta L}{L_{0}}$

• Where:
  • Δ_L = change in length
  • L₀​ = original length
• Strain is dimensionless (no units).

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