Synthesis of Acridine

Synthesis of Acridine covers Bernthsen condensation, Ullmann coupling, and intramolecular cyclization for dyes and drug discovery.

1. Bernthsen Synthesis (Classical Method)

   • Reactants: Diphenylamine + Carboxylic acid (or acid anhydride)
   • Catalyst: Zinc chloride (ZnCl₂)
   • Conditions: High temperature (~250–270 °C)
   • Reaction:
     • • Diphenylamine + Formic acid → Acridine + Water
   • 
   • • Mechanism: Involves Friedel–Crafts acylation, cyclization, and dehydration.

2. From Anthranilic Acid Derivatives

   • Anthranilic acid derivatives condense with aldehydes to give acridone intermediates.
   • Reduction of acridone → Acridine

3. Industrial Methods

   • Condensation of o-nitrobenzaldehyde with N,N-diarylamines, followed by reduction and cyclization.

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