Terpenoids

Definition of Terpenoids:

  • Terpenoids, or isoprenoids, are a diverse class of naturally occurring organic compounds derived from five-carbon isoprene units.
  • They undergo modifications like oxidation and rearrangement, resulting in varied structures and functions.

Structure and Classification of Terpenoids:

  • Based on isoprene units:
  • Monoterpenoids: C₁₀ (2 units)
  • Sesquiterpenoids: C₁₅ (3 units)
  • Diterpenoids: C₂₀ (4 units)
  • Triterpenoids: C₃₀ (6 units)
  • Tetraterpenoids: C₄₀ (8 units)
  • Polyterpenoids: >C₄₀
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Biosynthesis:

  • Produced via:
  • Mevalonate Pathway: In cytosol of eukaryotes and some prokaryotes.
  • MEP Pathway: In plastids of plants and most bacteria.
  • Both pathways generate isopentenyl pyrophosphate (IPP) and dimethylallyl pyrophosphate (DMAPP).

Occurrence in Nature:

  • Widely found in plants, contributing to aromas, flavors, and colors. Also present in animals, fungi, and some bacteria.
  • Common sources include essential oils, resins, and waxes.
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Biological Activities and Uses:

  • Ecological Roles: Defense against herbivores/pathogens; attract pollinators.
  • Pharmaceuticals: Medicinal properties like anti-inflammatory and anticancer (e.g., paclitaxel, artemisinin).
  • Industrial Applications: Fragrances, flavorings, solvents, and synthetic material precursors.

Examples:

  • Menthol: Monoterpenoid in mint oils, provides cooling sensation.
  • Citral: Monoterpenoid with a strong lemon scent, used in fragrances and flavorings.
  • Artemisinin: Sesquiterpenoid with potent anti-malarial properties.
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