Tongue

• The tongue is a muscular organ primarily responsible for the sense of taste (gustation), as well as being crucial for speech, chewing, and swallowing.
• It is composed of several structures that work together to detect and process tastes and perform its other functions.

Structure of the Tongue

• It is a muscular organ in the mouth that plays a vital role in taste, speech, chewing, and swallowing.
• It consists of several parts:

1. Muscles of the Tongue:

1. Intrinsic Muscles: Responsible for the tongue’s shape and movement (e.g., lengthening, shortening, curling, and flattening).
2. Extrinsic Muscles: Attach the tongue to surrounding structures (like the jawbone) and allow it to move in different directions (up, down, side-to-side).

2. Surface of the Tongue:

1. Papillae: Tiny, raised structures on the surface of the tongue that contain taste buds. There are four types of papillae:
   1. Fungiform Papillae: Located mainly at the front of the tongue and contain taste buds.
   2. Circumvallate Papillae: Large papillae located at the back of the tongue in a V-shaped pattern, also containing taste buds.
   3. Foliate Papillae: Found on the sides of the tongue and house taste buds.
   4. Filiform Papillae: These are the most numerous and do not contain taste buds; instead, they provide the tongue with texture and help in gripping food.
2. Taste Buds: Sensory receptors located on the papillae, responsible for detecting taste. There are about 2,000 to 8,000 taste buds on the tongue, and each taste bud contains specialized taste cells.
3. Lingual Tonsils: Located at the base of the tongue, they are part of the immune system and help protect the body from infections.

3. Other Structures:

• Dorsum: The upper surface of the tongue.
• Ventral Surface: The underside of the tongue, which is smooth and contains blood vessels.
• Frenulum: A small fold of tissue that connects the underside of the tongue to the floor of the mouth.

Mechanism of Taste (Gustation)

1. Taste Stimulation:

• When food or drink enters the mouth, it dissolves in saliva, allowing chemicals (tastants) to come into contact with the taste buds.

2. Activation of Taste Buds:

• The taste buds contain specialized taste receptor cells, which respond to five primary taste sensations:

1. Sweet: Sugars and certain amino acids.
2. Salty: Sodium ions in foods.
3. Sour: Acids (such as citrus fruits).
4. Bitter: Compounds that are often toxic (like alkaloids in some plants).
5. Umami: Savory flavors, typically associated with glutamates (found in meats, cheese, and certain vegetables).

3. Signal Transmission:

• Once the taste receptor cells are activated, they send electrical signals to the brain via three cranial nerves:
  1. Facial Nerve (Cranial Nerve VII): Carries taste information from the front two-thirds of the tongue.
  2. Glossopharyngeal Nerve (Cranial Nerve IX): Transmits taste sensations from the back one-third of the tongue.
  3. Vagus Nerve (Cranial Nerve X): Provides taste information from areas like the throat and epiglottis.

4. Brain Processing:

• The signals are sent to the brainstem and then relayed to the gustatory cortex in the brain, where they are interpreted as different tastes.

Diseases of the Tongue

1. Glossitis:

• Inflammation of the tongue, which can cause swelling, redness, and changes in texture.
• It may result from infections, allergies, or nutritional deficiencies.

2. Geographic Tongue:

• A condition characterized by irregular, smooth patches on the tongue’s surface.
• Though typically harmless, it can cause discomfort or sensitivity to certain foods.

3. Oral Thrush (Candidiasis):

• A fungal infection of the tongue, commonly seen in people with weakened immune systems or after antibiotic use. It appears as white patches on the tongue.

4. Tongue Cancer:

• A type of cancer that affects the tongue, often presenting as a persistent sore or lump on the tongue that doesn’t heal.

5. Black Hairy Tongue:

• A harmless condition where the filiform papillae become elongated and discoloured, giving the tongue a black, hairy appearance.
• It’s often caused by poor oral hygiene or smoking.

6. Burning Mouth Syndrome:

• A condition where the tongue feels a burning sensation, often without an identifiable cause.

7. Taste Disorders:

• These include:
  1. Ageusia: Complete loss of taste.
  2. Hypogeusia: Reduced ability to taste.
  3. Dysgeusia: A distortion of the sense of taste, often resulting in a metallic or bitter taste.

Functions of the Tongue

1. Taste Sensation:

• The tongue is the primary organ for the sense of taste, detecting the five basic taste sensations: sweet, salty, sour, bitter, and umami.

2. Speech:

• The tongue plays a crucial role in articulation and phonation.
• It works with other parts of the mouth (teeth, lips, palate) to form sounds and help produce words.

3. Chewing and Swallowing (Mastication and Deglutition):

• The tongue helps move food around the mouth during chewing and mixes it with saliva.
• It also pushes food toward the back of the throat for swallowing.

4. Cleansing:

• The tongue helps in cleaning the mouth by moving food particles and preventing debris from getting stuck between the teeth.

5. Immune Response:

• The lingual tonsils on the back of the tongue are part of the immune system, helping protect the body from infections by trapping and filtering pathogens.

6. Sensation:

• The tongue has tactile receptors that help sense temperature and texture, allowing you to detect if food is too hot, too cold, or the texture is unusual.

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