Types of microbial contaminants include a diverse range of microorganisms such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, and protozoa.
Bacteria in Types of Microbial Contaminants:
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Gram-Positive Bacteria
- Examples: Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis.
- Characteristics: Resistant to drying; some form spores.
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Gram-Negative Bacteria
- Examples: Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli.
- Characteristics: Often found in water; can be resistant to preservatives.
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Fungi:
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Molds
- Examples: Aspergillus niger, Penicillium
- Characteristics: Produce spores; can grow in low aw environments.
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Yeasts
- Examples: Candida albicans, Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
- Characteristics: Can grow in acidic environments; cause fermentation.
Spores:
- Definition: Dormant, resistant forms of bacteria and fungi.
- Impact: Resistant to heat and chemical disinfectants.
- Control: Requires stringent sterilization methods like autoclaving.
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Viruses and Mycoplasmas:
- Less Common: Generally, not a major concern in pharmaceutical spoilage but important in biological products.
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