Use of Microbes in Industry

• Microorganisms (bacteria, fungi, yeast) are integral to industrial biotechnology because of their rapid growth, genetic tractability, and ability to produce a wide range of valuable biomolecules.

Microbial Applications in the Pharmaceutical Industry

1. Antibiotic Production

   • Penicillium chrysogenum: Produces penicillin.
   • Streptomyces spp.: Produces streptomycin, tetracycline, and erythromycin.

2. Vaccine Production

   • Escherichia coli and Saccharomyces cerevisiae: Used for recombinant vaccine production (e.g., hepatitis B vaccine).

3. Enzyme Production

   • Aspergillus and Bacillus species: Produce industrial enzymes like amylases, lipases, and proteases.

4. Biopharmaceuticals

   • Recombinant bacteria and yeast are used for the production of insulin, growth hormones, and monoclonal antibodies.

5. Bioremediation

   • Microbes like Pseudomonas are used to degrade environmental pollutants.

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