Electrophysiology is the study of the electrical properties and activities of cells and tissues. It seeks to understand how electrical signals are generated, transmitted, and processed in neurons and neuronal networks. This knowledge is crucial for understanding brain function and treating neurological disorders. Electrophysiology focuses on the following key aspects: Ion channels: Specialized proteins in … Read more
Blood vessels form a vital network in the circulatory system, transporting blood throughout the body to deliver oxygen and nutrients and remove waste products. There are three main types: arteries, veins, and capillaries. 1. Arteries of Blood Vessels Function: Arteries carry oxygen-rich blood away from the heart (except the pulmonary artery) and withstand high pressure … Read more
The cerebellum, located below the cerebrum at the back of the brainstem, is crucial for coordinating movement, maintaining balance, and fine-tuning motor activities. It has two symmetrical hemispheres connected by the vermis and features a highly folded surface. Structure: 1. Cerebellar Cortex: Outer layer of Gray matter with tightly folded ridges called folia. Contains Purkinje … Read more
Blood circulation through the heart is a continuous process that transports oxygen-rich blood from the lungs to the body and returns oxygen-poor blood back to the heart and lungs. This process involves the heart’s four chambers and is divided into two main circulatory pathways: pulmonary circulation and systemic circulation. Step-by-Step Blood Circulation Through Heart: Return … Read more
Heart – Anatomy of Heart: The heart is a muscular, four-chambered organ responsible for pumping blood throughout the body. It is located within the thoracic cavity, specifically in the mediastinum, behind the sternum and between the lungs. The heart’s anatomy can be described in terms of its position, wall structure, chambers, and valves. Position: The … Read more
Cerebrum is the largest and most complex part of the human brain, responsible for higher cognitive functions such as thinking, learning, memory, language, and conscious perception. It is divided into two cerebral hemispheres (left and right) connected by a bundle of nerve fibers called the corpus callosum, which enables communication between the two hemispheres. Cerebral … Read more
The brain is the central organ of the nervous system, responsible for processing sensory information, controlling movement, regulating vital functions, and enabling cognitive functions like thinking and memory. It consists of billions of neurons connected by trillions of synapses and is protected by the skull, meninges, cerebrospinal fluid, and the blood-brain barrier. Main Regions of … Read more
The meninges are three protective layers of connective tissue that surround and protect the central nervous system (CNS), which includes the brain and spinal cord. These layers serve several important functions, such as providing physical protection, supporting the CNS, and containing the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) that cushions the brain and spinal cord. There are three … Read more
The ventricles of the brain are interconnected, fluid-filled cavities within the brain that produce and circulate cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). There are four ventricles in total: 1. Two lateral ventricles (one in each hemisphere): These C-shaped ventricles are the largest and are located in the cerebral hemispheres. Each lateral ventricle has a central body and three … Read more
An action potential, also known as a nerve impulse, is a rapid and temporary change in the electrical potential across the cell membrane of a neuron. It serves as the primary means of transmitting information within the nervous system. Action potentials are all-or-nothing events, meaning they either occur with full amplitude or not at all, … Read more
