Type 1 Diabetes Introduction Type 1 Diabetes is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by high levels of glucose (sugar) in the blood. It occurs due to defects in insulin production, insulin action, or both. Insulin is a hormone produced by the pancreas that helps glucose enter cells to be used for energy. Previously known as … Read more
Nutritional Requirements of Bacteria is like all living organisms, require a variety of nutrients to grow and reproduce. These nutrients can be categorized into macronutrients and micronutrients. Macronutrients: Macronutrients are nutrients needed in large amounts for energy and growth—carbohydrates, proteins, and fats. Carbon: Fundamental for cellular structure and energy. Sources include carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and … Read more
peptic ulcer is a sore that develops on the lining of the stomach, small intestine, or esophagus. It occurs when the protective mucous layer is eroded by stomach acids. Peptic ulcers are classified into gastric ulcers (in the stomach) and duodenal ulcers (in the upper part of the small intestine). Causes of Peptic Ulcer Helicobacter … Read more
Diabetes Introduction Diabetes is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by high levels of glucose (sugar) in the blood. It occurs due to defects in insulin production, insulin action, or both. Insulin is a hormone produced by the pancreas that helps glucose enter cells to be used for energy. It is classified into several types, with … Read more
Optimal bacterial growth depends on key physical parameters such as temperature, pH, oxygen levels, and moisture, each varying by species. Temperature required for bacterial growth: Bacteria have different optimal temperature ranges for growth: Psychrophiles: Grow at low temperatures (0-20°C). Mesophiles: Grow at moderate temperatures (20-45°C), including most human pathogens. Thermophiles: Grow at high temperatures (45-80°C). … Read more
Raw Materials Used for Culture Media are essential for growing, isolating, and identifying microorganisms in the laboratory. The composition of these media can vary depending on the specific requirements of the microorganisms being cultured. Here are some of the common raw materials used in the preparation of culture media: Basic Components of Raw Materials Used … Read more
The bacterial growth curve represents the growth of a bacterial population over time in a closed system (batch culture). It has four distinct phases: Lag Phase: Bacteria adapt to new environment. Metabolic activity is high, but cell division is minimal. Synthesis of enzymes, proteins, and other molecules needed for growth. Log (Exponential) Phase: Rapid cell … Read more
Hemophilia Introduction Hemophilia is an inherited bleeding disorder characterized by a deficiency in specific clotting factors, leading to prolonged bleeding. The two most common types are Haemophilia A and Haemophilia B. Types Hemophilia A Deficiency: Clotting factor VIII. Genetics: X-linked recessive inheritance, primarily affecting males. Hemophilia B Deficiency: Clotting factor IX. Genetics: X-linked recessive inheritance, … Read more
Hereditary anemia is caused by genetic mutations that affect the production, structure, or function of RBCs. Common Types of Hereditary Anemia: Sickle Cell Anemia Mutation in the HBB gene leads to abnormal hemoglobin S (HbS). Thalassemia Mutations in genes producing alpha or beta globin chains. Hereditary Spherocytosis Mutations in genes encoding RBC membrane proteins, causing … Read more
Thalassemia Introduction Thalassemia is a group of inherited blood disorders caused by mutations affecting hemoglobin production. Results in reduced production of either alpha or beta globin chains, leading to imbalanced globin synthesis, ineffective erythropoiesis, and hemolysis. Categorized into alpha and beta thalassemia based on the affected globin chain. Types of Thalassemia Alpha Caused by deletions or … Read more
