Sperm, or spermatozoa, are male reproductive cells that fertilize the female egg (ovum) to create an embryo, leading to the development of a fetus. Structure of Sperm (Spermatozoa) Sperm cells have a specialized structure consisting of three main parts: Head: Contains the nucleus with genetic material (DNA) passed to the offspring. Covered by the acrosome, … Read more
Male reproductive system is responsible for producing, storing, and transporting sperm and hormones needed for reproduction. It consists of both internal and external organs that work together to facilitate these functions. Here’s a detailed look at the Male reproductive system and its organs, classified as either primary or accessory organs: Primary Organ: Testes (Testicles): Located … Read more
Principle of Multiple Effect Evaporator: Utilizes the vapor produced from one effect (stage) to heat the next effect, thus reusing energy and improving overall efficiency. Construction of Multiple Effect Evaporator: Effects (Stages): Multiple evaporators connected in series. Heat Exchangers: In each effect where the liquid is heated. Condensers: To condense the vapor from each effect. … Read more
Principle of Forced Circulation Evaporator: Uses mechanical pumps to circulate the liquid through the evaporator, enhancing the heat transfer rate and preventing fouling and scaling. Construction of Forced Circulation Evaporator: Heat Exchanger: Typically, a shell and tube design where the liquid is heated. Circulation Pump: Forces the liquid through the heat exchanger. Evaporator Body: Where … Read more
Principle of Simple Distillation: This distillation separates components of a mixture based on differences in their boiling points, typically when the boiling points differ significantly (more than 25°C). Methodology: Setup: Consists of a distillation flask, a heat source, a condenser, and a receiving flask. Heating: The mixture is heated in the distillation flask. Vaporization: The … Read more
Principle of Flash Distillation: Flash distillation involves a single-stage separation process where the liquid mixture is partially vaporized by rapidly reducing the pressure or increasing the temperature. Methodology of Flash Distillation: Feed Introduction: The liquid mixture is introduced into a flash chamber. Pressure Reduction/Heating: The pressure is rapidly reduced, or the mixture is quickly heated, … Read more
Definition of Distillation: Distillation is a separation process that involves heating a liquid mixture to create vapor and then cooling the vapor to obtain a liquid. The process exploits differences in boiling points of components in the mixture to achieve separation. Objectives of Distillation: Separation of Components: To separate a mixture into its individual components … Read more
Principle of Steam Jacketed Kettle: Uses steam to provide uniform heating to the contents within the kettle, typically for cooking, mixing, or concentrating solutions. Construction of Steam Jacketed Kettle: Kettle: Typically made of stainless steel, with a hemispherical bottom to ensure even heat distribution. Jacket: A double-walled structure around the kettle where steam is circulated. … Read more
Principle of Climbing Film Evaporator: Utilizes the principle of forming a thin film of liquid that climbs up the walls of a heated tube, enhancing evaporation due to increased surface area and reduced film thickness. Construction of Climbing Film Evaporator: Vertical Tubes: Long, vertical tubes where the liquid forms a climbing film. Steam Jacket: Surrounds … Read more
Principle of Horizontal Tube Evaporator: Uses steam to heat a liquid inside horizontal tubes, causing the solvent to evaporate and leaving a concentrated solution. Construction of Horizontal Tube Evaporator: Shell: A large cylindrical container housing the tubes. Tubes: Horizontal tubes within the shell where the liquid to be evaporated flows. Steam Chest: Surrounds the tubes, … Read more
