The acidity of aromatic acids is determined by the ability of the molecule to donate a proton (H⁺) from the carboxyl group. After losing a proton, the molecule forms a carboxylate anion (Ar-COO⁻). The stability of this anion is a key factor in determining the acid strength. Key Factors Influencing Acidity of Aromatic Acids: Resonance … Read more
Benzoic acid, like other carboxylic acids, undergoes several important reactions of benzoic acid/ aromatic acids. These reactions are primarily due to the reactivity of the carboxyl group (-COOH). Formation of Benzoate Salts – Important Reactions of Benzoic Acid/ Aromatic Acids: Reaction: Benzoic acid reacts with bases (e.g., NaOH) to form benzoate salts. Example: C6H5COOH+NaOH→C6H5COONa+H2O Esterification: … Read more
Definition of Aromatic Acids: Aromatic acids are organic compounds containing a carboxylic acid group (-COOH) attached to an aromatic ring, such as benzene or naphthalene. They exhibit properties characteristic of both carboxylic acids and aromatic compounds. Types and Classification of Aromatic Acids: Benzoic Acid Derivatives: Contain a carboxylic acid group directly attached to a benzene … Read more
Structure of Phenol: Molecular Formula: C₆H₅OH Structure: A hydroxyl group (-OH) attached to a benzene ring. Uses: Disinfectant: Used as an antiseptic and disinfectant in medical settings. Chemical Intermediate: Precursor for the production of various chemicals like plastics, resins, and pharmaceuticals. Resins: Used in the production of phenol-formaldehyde resins (e.g., Bakelite). Cosmetics: Used in small … Read more
Several qualitative tests for phenol are used to detect the presence of phenol or phenolic compounds: Ferric Chloride Test (One of the Qualitative Tests for Phenol): Phenols form colored complexes (violet, blue, green) with FeCl₃. Positive Test: Appearance of color indicates phenols. Bromine Water Test: Phenols react with bromine to form a white precipitate of … Read more
Effect of Substituents on the Acidity of Phenol- The acidity of phenol is influenced by substituents on the aromatic ring, which either increase or decrease acidity based on their electronic effects. Electron-Withdrawing Groups (EWGs)- One effect of substituents on the acidity of phenol: Examples: Nitro (-NO₂), cyano (-CN), carboxyl (-COOH), halogens (-Cl, -Br). Effect: Increase … Read more
The acidity of phenols is due to the hydroxyl group (-OH) attached to the aromatic ring. The acidity arises from the ability of the hydroxyl hydrogen to dissociate as a proton (H⁺), forming a phenoxide ion (C₆H₅O⁻). This acidity is primarily due to the resonance stabilization of the phenoxide ion, where the negative charge on … Read more
Phenols are a class of organic compounds consisting of a hydroxyl group (-OH) attached directly to an aromatic hydrocarbon ring, usually a benzene ring. They are derived from and named after phenol, the simplest member of the class. Phenols are known for their antioxidant, antiseptic, and preservative properties and are widely used in various industries, … Read more
Material Characteristics: Hardness: Harder materials require more energy for size reduction. Toughness: Tough materials may deform rather than break. Moisture Content: High moisture content can cause materials to adhere and clog equipment. Friability: Easily crumbled materials require less energy. Type of Equipment: The design and operational parameters of size reduction equipment impact efficiency and effectiveness. … Read more
Bernoulli’s Theorem states that for an incompressible, frictionless fluid, the total mechanical energy along a streamline is constant. Mathematically, $P + \frac{1}{2} \rho v^2 + \rho g h = \text{constant} $ here: P = static pressure ρ = fluid density v = fluid velocity g = acceleration due to gravity h = height above a … Read more
