Diabetes

Diabetes Introduction

• Diabetes is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by high levels of glucose (sugar) in the blood.
• It occurs due to defects in insulin production, insulin action, or both.
• Insulin is a hormone produced by the pancreas that helps glucose enter cells to be used for energy.
• It is classified into several types, with the most common being type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes, and gestational diabetes.

Complications

• Chronic high blood glucose levels can lead to various complications, affecting different organs and systems in the body:

Acute Complications

1. Hypoglycemia

   • Low blood sugar causing shakiness, sweating, confusion, possible loss of consciousness.

2. Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA)

   • Mainly in type 1 diabetes; high glucose and ketones leading to nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain.

3. Hyperosmolar Hyperglycemic State (HHS)

   • Mainly in type 2 diabetes; very high glucose and severe dehydration.

Chronic Complications

1. Cardiovascular Disease: Increased risk of heart attack, stroke, and atherosclerosis.
2. Neuropathy: Nerve damage leading to numbness, pain, and weakness, particularly in the feet and hands.
3. Nephropathy: Kidney damage that can lead to chronic kidney disease and kidney failure.
4. Retinopathy: Damage to the blood vessels in the retina, leading to vision problems and potential blindness.
5. Foot Problems: Poor circulation and nerve damage can lead to foot ulcers and infections, sometimes requiring amputation.
6. Skin Conditions: Increased risk of bacterial and fungal infections, and other skin disorders.

Prevention and Management

Prevention

1. Healthy Diet: Eating a balanced diet rich in whole grains, fruits, vegetables, lean proteins, and healthy fats.
2. Regular Physical Activity: Engaging in at least 150 minutes of moderate-intensity exercise per week.
3. Weight Management: Maintaining a healthy weight to reduce the risk of developing type 2 diabetes.
4. Regular Health Check-ups: Monitoring blood glucose levels, blood pressure, and cholesterol levels.

Management

1. Self-Monitoring: Regularly checking blood glucose levels to manage and adjust treatment plans.
2. Medication Adherence: Taking medications as prescribed to maintain blood glucose control.
3. Education and Support: Participating in diabetes education programs to improve self-management skills.
4. Healthy Lifestyle: Continuing to eat a balanced diet, exercise regularly, and avoid smoking and excessive alcohol consumption.

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