Viruses: morphology, classification, reproduction & cultivation

by
Viruses morphology, classification, reproduction & cultivation

The study of viruses encompasses various aspects including their morphology, classification, reproduction/replication, and cultivation. Morphology of Viruses Structure of viruses: Capsid: The protein coat surrounding the viral genome, composed of protein subunits called capsomeres. The capsid provides protection and aids in the attachment to host cells. Helical: Capsids with a rod-like appearance (e.g., tobacco mosaic … Read more

Fungi: morphology, classification, reproduction & cultivation

by
Fungi morphology, classification, reproduction & cultivation

The study of fungi encompasses various aspects, including their morphology, classification, reproduction/replication, and cultivation. Morphology of Fungi Structure: Hyphae: The basic structural units of fungus, which are long, thread-like filaments. They can be septate (divided by cross walls) or coenocytic (without septa). Mycelium: A network of hyphae that forms the body (thallus) of the fungus. … Read more

Factors Influencing Disinfection

by
Factors Influencing Disinfection

Factors Influencing Disinfection and antiseptics is influenced by below mentioned factors. Understanding these factors is crucial for achieving optimal microbial control. Concentration of Disinfectant Higher concentrations generally increase the efficacy of disinfectants. However, excessively high concentrations can be toxic, corrosive, or may cause resistance. Contact Time Longer contact times allow the disinfectant to interact more … Read more

Sterility Testing of Pharmaceutical Products According to IP, BP, and USP

by
Sterility Testing of Pharmaceutical Products According to IP, BP, and USP

Introduction of Sterility Testing of Pharmaceutical Products Sterility testing is a critical quality control procedure to ensure that pharmaceutical products intended to be sterile are free from viable microorganisms. This testing is essential for products like injectables, ophthalmic preparations, and certain solids and liquids. The procedures are largely harmonized across major pharmacopeias, including the Indian … Read more

Organic Compounds Classification

by
Organic Compounds Classification

Organic Compounds Classification is a fundamental aspect of organic chemistry, facilitating the organization, study, and understanding of the vast array of organic molecules. Organic compounds classification are primarily made up of carbon atoms along with hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur, and halogens. The classification is based on the structure, functional groups, and the type of bonding … Read more

Organic compounds of nomenclature of Common systems

by
Organic compounds of nomenclature of Common systems

The organic compounds systematic naming of crucial for clear and precise communication among chemists. The International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) has established a set of rules for the nomenclature of organic compounds. This system allows for the unambiguous identification of compounds based on their structure. Here, we’ll organize the IUPAC nomenclature rules … Read more

IUPAC nomenclature General rules

by
IUPAC nomenclature General rules

The International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) nomenclature provides a standardized method for naming organic compounds, ensuring clear communication among scientists. Below is a concise guide to the key rules for naming organic compounds, focusing on aliphatic and carbocyclic compounds, along with functional groups in IUPAC nomenclature. 1. Identifying the Longest Carbon Chain (Principal … Read more

Isomerism

by
Isomerism

Isomerism refers to compounds with the same molecular formula but different structures and properties. Isomers are classified into: Structural (Constitutional) – Different atomic connectivity. Stereoisomerism – Same connectivity, different spatial arrangement. Structural isomerism Structural isomerism, also known as constitutional, is a form of isomerism where compounds share the same molecular formula but differ in the arrangement … Read more

Evaluation of the efficiency of sterilization methods

by

Evaluation of the efficiency of sterilization methods involves assessing their ability to eliminate all forms of microbial life, including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and spores. Here’s a brief overview of some common sterilization methods and their efficiency: Autoclaving (Steam Sterilization): Method: Uses high-pressure saturated steam at 121°C or 134°C. Efficiency: Highly effective; kills all forms of … Read more

Mechanical method of sterilization

by
Mechanical method of sterilization

Mechanical method of Sterilization involves physically removing microorganisms rather than killing them. It is typically a pre-step to sterilization processes. 1. Scrubbing and Washing as Mechanical method of sterilization Principle: Uses mechanical action and detergents to physically remove microorganisms and organic matter, reducing microbial load. Procedure: Preparation: Wear PPE and use appropriate cleaning agents. Cleaning … Read more

','

' ); } ?>