The spinal cord is a long, tubular structure that extends from the base of the brain (medulla oblongata) down to the lower back, protected by the vertebral column and encased in meninges. It is a crucial part of the central nervous system (CNS) and serves as a conduit for transmitting neural signals between the brain … Read more
Diencephalon is a region of the brain located between the cerebrum and the brainstem. It is composed of several important structures that play critical roles in sensory information processing, hormone regulation, and the maintenance of essential body functions. The primary components of the diencephalon are the thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus, and subthalamus: 1. Thalamus: Structure: The … Read more
The brainstem is a critical part of the brain that connects the cerebrum and cerebellum to the spinal cord. It is responsible for regulating many essential life-sustaining functions, such as breathing, heart rate, and blood pressure, as well as serving as a relay center for both sensory and motor pathways. The brainstem can be divided … Read more
Conduction System of Heart -Elements of the Conduction System of the Heart and the Heartbeat: The Elements of the Conduction System of the Heart and the Heartbeat refer to a specialized network of cells responsible for generating and transmitting electrical impulses that control the heart’s rhythmic contractions. This system ensures that the heart beats in … Read more
Electrophysiology is the study of the electrical properties and activities of cells and tissues. It seeks to understand how electrical signals are generated, transmitted, and processed in neurons and neuronal networks. This knowledge is crucial for understanding brain function and treating neurological disorders. Electrophysiology focuses on the following key aspects: Ion channels: Specialized proteins in … Read more
Blood vessels form a vital network in the circulatory system, transporting blood throughout the body to deliver oxygen and nutrients and remove waste products. There are three main types: arteries, veins, and capillaries. 1. Arteries of Blood Vessels Function: Arteries carry oxygen-rich blood away from the heart (except the pulmonary artery) and withstand high pressure … Read more
The cerebellum, located below the cerebrum at the back of the brainstem, is crucial for coordinating movement, maintaining balance, and fine-tuning motor activities. It has two symmetrical hemispheres connected by the vermis and features a highly folded surface. Structure: 1. Cerebellar Cortex: Outer layer of Gray matter with tightly folded ridges called folia. Contains Purkinje … Read more
Blood circulation through the heart is a continuous process that transports oxygen-rich blood from the lungs to the body and returns oxygen-poor blood back to the heart and lungs. This process involves the heart’s four chambers and is divided into two main circulatory pathways: pulmonary circulation and systemic circulation. Step-by-Step Blood Circulation Through Heart: Return … Read more
Heart – Anatomy of Heart: The heart is a muscular, four-chambered organ responsible for pumping blood throughout the body. It is located within the thoracic cavity, specifically in the mediastinum, behind the sternum and between the lungs. The heart’s anatomy can be described in terms of its position, wall structure, chambers, and valves. Position: The … Read more
Cerebrum is the largest and most complex part of the human brain, responsible for higher cognitive functions such as thinking, learning, memory, language, and conscious perception. It is divided into two cerebral hemispheres (left and right) connected by a bundle of nerve fibers called the corpus callosum, which enables communication between the two hemispheres. Cerebral … Read more
