Introduction to Cathartics: Cathartics, also known as laxatives, are substances that promote bowel movements and relieve constipation. They are used in treating various gastrointestinal disorders, including constipation, irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), and for bowel preparation before diagnostic procedures or surgeries. Types of Cathartics: 1) Bulk-Forming Laxatives: Mechanism: Increase the bulk and water content of the … Read more
Properties of Magnesium Hydroxide: White, crystalline powder Odorless Slightly soluble in water Chemically stable Chemical formula: Mg(OH)₂ Preparation of Magnesium Hydroxide: Produced by reacting magnesium chloride with sodium hydroxide. Chemical Reaction: “MgCl” 〗_2+2″NaOH”→〖”Mg(OH)” 〗_2+2″NaCl” Magnesium hydroxide precipitates out and is then filtered, washed, and dried. Uses: As a non-systemic antacid to treat acid indigestion, heartburn, … Read more
Properties of Aluminium Hydroxide Gel: White amorphous powder or gel Odorless and tasteless Insoluble in water Chemically stable and non-toxic Chemical formula: Al(OH)₃ Preparation of Aluminium Hydroxide Gel: Produced by reacting aluminum sulfate with sodium hydroxide. Chemical Reaction: $ 〖”Al” 〗_2 (〖”SO” 〗_4 )_3+6″NaOH”→2〖”Al(OH)” 〗_3+3〖”Na” 〗_(2〖”SO” 〗_4 )$ Aluminum hydroxide precipitates out and is then … Read more
Properties of Sodium Bicarbonate: White crystalline powder Odorless Soluble in water Slightly alkaline taste Decomposes at high temperatures Chemical formula: NaHCO₃ Preparation (Solvay Process): Prepared industrially by-passing carbon dioxide and ammonia through a concentrated sodium chloride (brine) solution. Sodium bicarbonate precipitates out and is then filtered, washed, and dried. Uses of Sodium Bicarbonate: As a … Read more
Introduction to Antacids: These are medications used to neutralize stomach acid, providing relief from symptoms like heartburn, indigestion, and gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). They work by increasing the pH of stomach contents, alleviating discomfort and promoting healing of the esophagus and stomach lining. Mechanism of Action: Antacids neutralize excess hydrochloric acid (HCl) in the stomach. … Read more
Preparation of Dilute Hydrochloric Acid: Prepared by carefully adding concentrated hydrochloric acid (HCl) to water in a volumetric flask. It is crucial to add acid to water slowly to prevent excessive heat release and splashing. Properties: Colorless to slightly yellow liquid with a strong, pungent odor. Strong acid, readily dissociating into hydrogen ions (H⁺) and … Read more
Introduction to Acidifiers Acidifiers, also known as acidulants, are substances that lower the pH of a solution, making it more acidic. They are used in various industries, including food, pharmaceuticals, and agriculture, for purposes such as flavor enhancement, preservation, and pH adjustment. They can be classified based on their origin, chemical nature, or function. Classification … Read more
Introduction to Gastrointestinal Agents Introduction to Gastrointestinal agents include are medications or substances used to treat various conditions and symptoms affecting the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. They target different parts of the digestive system, from the esophagus to the colon, addressing issues such as indigestion, acid reflux, constipation, and diarrhea. Types of Gastrointestinal Agents Antacids Function: … Read more
Zinc eugenol cement is a dental material made from zinc oxide and eugenol. It is known for its antibacterial, analgesic, and sedative properties and is commonly used in dentistry as a temporary restorative material. Although it is not a direct desensitizing agent, it helps alleviate discomfort associated with dental procedures. Properties Composition: Made of zinc … Read more
Sodium fluoride is Used in toothpaste and mouthwashes to strengthen enamel, protect against acid attacks, and reduce tooth sensitivity by blocking dentinal tubules. Properties Colorless, odorless, crystalline compound. Highly soluble in water. Has both desensitizing and anti-cavity properties. Preparation Produced by neutralizing hydrofluoric acid with sodium hydroxide or sodium carbonate, followed by crystallization. Uses Toothpaste … Read more
