Analytical Techniques Used in Pharmaceutical Analysis

• There are numerous analytical techniques used in pharmaceutical analysis, each with its specific applications and advantages.

Most commonly analytical techniques used in pharmaceutical analysis:

1. Spectroscopy:

• Ultraviolet-Visible (UV-Vis) Spectroscopy:

  • Analyzes the absorption of UV and visible light by molecules, providing information on concentration, purity, and molecular structure.

• Infrared (IR) Spectroscopy:

  • Identifies functional groups and chemical bonds in molecules based on their vibrational frequencies.

• Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Spectroscopy:

  • Investigates the magnetic properties of atomic nuclei to determine molecular structure and identify compounds.

• Mass Spectrometry (MS):

  • Determines the mass-to-charge ratio of ions to identify and quantify molecules in a sample.

2. Chromatography:

• High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC):

  • Separates and quantifies components in a mixture using a liquid mobile phase and a stationary phase.

• Gas Chromatography (GC):

  • Separates and analyzes volatile compounds using a gaseous mobile phase and a stationary phase.

• Thin-Layer Chromatography (TLC):

  • Separates components of a mixture on a coated solid support using a liquid mobile phase.

3. Electrophoresis:

• Capillary Electrophoresis (CE):

  • Separates molecules based on their charge and size using an electric field in a capillary column.

• Gel Electrophoresis:

  • Separates molecules, typically proteins or nucleic acids, based on their size and charge in a gel matrix under an electric field.

4. Titrimetry:

• Acid-Base Titration:

  • Determines the concentration of an acid or base by neutralization with a standard solution of known concentration.

• Redox Titration:

  • Involves the use of a reducing or oxidizing agent to determine the concentration of an analyte based on its redox properties.

5. Electroanalytical techniques:

• Potentiometry:

  • Measures the potential difference between two electrodes in an electrochemical cell to determine the concentration of an analyte.

• Voltammetry:

  • Analyzes the current-voltage relationship in an electrochemical cell to determine the concentration and identity of analytes.

6. Microscopy:

• Optical Microscopy:

  • Uses visible light and lenses to magnify and examine the physical properties of small samples.

• Electron Microscopy:

  • Utilizes a beam of electrons to magnify and study the structure and composition of samples at high resolution.

7. Thermal analysis:

• Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC):

  • Measures the heat flow associated with phase transitions and chemical reactions in a sample.

• Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA):

  • Monitors weight changes in a sample as a function of temperature, providing information on composition, purity, and thermal stability.

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