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Benzoic Acid Definition Benzoic Acid is a white, crystalline aromatic carboxylic acid with the chemical formula C₆H₅COOH. It consists of a benzene ring attached to a carboxyl group. It is slightly soluble in water and highly soluble in organic solvents. Structure: Chemical Formula: C₇H₆O₂ Molecular Structure: Contains a benzene ring attached to a carboxyl group … Read more
Salicylic Acid Definition Salicylic acid is a phenolic acid and a type of beta hydroxy acid that functions as a keratolytic, anti-inflammatory, and antibacterial agent. It is commonly used to treat acne, warts, psoriasis, and other skin disorders due to its ability to exfoliate the skin and unclog pores. Structure: Chemical Formula: C₇H₆O₃ Molecular Structure: … Read more
Oxalic Acid Definition Oxalic Acid is a colorless, crystalline organic compound with the formula C₂H₂O₄ (or commonly written as (COOH)₂). It is the simplest dicarboxylic acid and occurs naturally in many plants, including rhubarb, spinach, and beet greens. Structure: Chemical Formula: C₂H₂O₄ Molecular Structure: Contains two carboxyl groups (-COOH) directly attached to each other. Geometry: … Read more
Succinic Acid Definition Succinic acid is a dicarboxylic acid with the chemical formula C₄H₆O₄. It consists of four carbon atoms, six hydrogen atoms, and four oxygen atoms, and structurally, it contains two carboxyl (-COOH) groups. It occurs naturally in plants, animals, and microorganisms, and plays a role in the citric acid (Krebs) cycle as an … Read more
Liquid Crystals are substances that exhibit properties between those of conventional liquids and solid crystals. They flow like a liquid but have some degree of ordered structure. They are most well-known for their use in liquid crystal displays (LCDs). Types of Liquid Crystals: Thermotropic: Change their phase in response to temperature. Nematic Phase: Molecules are … Read more
Definition of Liquid Complex: They are homogeneous mixtures consisting of two or more components that interact at the molecular or ionic level, often resulting in unique physical and chemical properties distinct from the individual components. Types of Liquid Complex: Solutions: Homogeneous mixtures where solutes (e.g., salt) are completely dissolved in solvents (e.g., water). Colloids: Mixtures … Read more
Definition of Relative Humidity: It is the ratio of the current amount of water vapor in the air to the maximum amount of water vapor the air can hold at that temperature, expressed as a percentage. Formula of Relative Humidity: RH = (Actual Vapor Pressure / Saturation Vapor Pressure) × 100 Importance: Weather Forecasting: RH … Read more
Gases Gases are one of the primary states of matter characterized by: No Fixed Shape or Volume: Gases expand to fill the shape and volume of their container. Particle Movement: Gas particles move rapidly and freely, with high kinetic energy and low intermolecular forces. Compressibility: Gases can be compressed significantly because of the large spaces … Read more
Definition of Eutectic Mixtures: A eutectic mixture is a specific combination of substances that melts or solidifies at a single, lower temperature than any other composition made from the same components. This specific composition is called the eutectic composition. Key Points of Eutectic Mixtures: Eutectic Point: The unique ratio at which the mixture exhibits the … Read more
Definition of Sublimation Critical Point: The specific temperature and pressure where a substance can exist simultaneously in solid, liquid, and gas phases. Importance of Sublimation: Helps understand sublimation, where a substance transitions directly from solid to gas below the triple point. Example of Sublimation Critical Point: Carbon dioxide sublimates at -78.5°C under standard atmospheric pressure … Read more
