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Hypothyroidism Introduction Hypothyroidism of thyroid gland is a butterfly-shaped endocrine gland located in the neck, in front of the trachea. It produces hormones that regulate metabolism, energy generation, and overall growth and development. Thyroid diseases are common and can affect the structure or function of the thyroid gland. Hypothyroidism, or underactive thyroid, occurs when the … Read more
Isolation Methods of pure cultures involves separating a single species of microorganism from a mixed population. Common methods include: Streak Plate Method: Procedure: A sterile inoculating loop is used to spread a diluted sample over the surface of an agar plate in a series of streaks. Purpose: To separate individual cells to form isolated colonies. … Read more
Type 2 Diabetes Introduction Type 2 diabetes, previously known as adult-onset diabetes or non-insulin-dependent diabetes. The most common form of diabetes. Characterized by insulin resistance and relative insulin deficiency. Causes of Type 2 diabetes Genetic Factors Family history increases risk. Lifestyle Factors Obesity, physical inactivity, poor diet, and aging. Metabolic Syndrome A cluster of conditions: … Read more
Type 1 Diabetes Introduction Type 1 Diabetes is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by high levels of glucose (sugar) in the blood. It occurs due to defects in insulin production, insulin action, or both. Insulin is a hormone produced by the pancreas that helps glucose enter cells to be used for energy. Previously known as … Read more
Nutritional Requirements of Bacteria is like all living organisms, require a variety of nutrients to grow and reproduce. These nutrients can be categorized into macronutrients and micronutrients. Macronutrients: Macronutrients are nutrients needed in large amounts for energy and growth—carbohydrates, proteins, and fats. Carbon: Fundamental for cellular structure and energy. Sources include carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and … Read more
peptic ulcer is a sore that develops on the lining of the stomach, small intestine, or esophagus. It occurs when the protective mucous layer is eroded by stomach acids. Peptic ulcers are classified into gastric ulcers (in the stomach) and duodenal ulcers (in the upper part of the small intestine). Causes of Peptic Ulcer Helicobacter … Read more
Diabetes Introduction Diabetes is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by high levels of glucose (sugar) in the blood. It occurs due to defects in insulin production, insulin action, or both. Insulin is a hormone produced by the pancreas that helps glucose enter cells to be used for energy. It is classified into several types, with … Read more
Optimal bacterial growth depends on key physical parameters such as temperature, pH, oxygen levels, and moisture, each varying by species. Temperature required for bacterial growth: Bacteria have different optimal temperature ranges for growth: Psychrophiles: Grow at low temperatures (0-20°C). Mesophiles: Grow at moderate temperatures (20-45°C), including most human pathogens. Thermophiles: Grow at high temperatures (45-80°C). … Read more
Raw Materials Used for Culture Media are essential for growing, isolating, and identifying microorganisms in the laboratory. The composition of these media can vary depending on the specific requirements of the microorganisms being cultured. Here are some of the common raw materials used in the preparation of culture media: Basic Components of Raw Materials Used … Read more
The bacterial growth curve represents the growth of a bacterial population over time in a closed system (batch culture). It has four distinct phases: Lag Phase: Bacteria adapt to new environment. Metabolic activity is high, but cell division is minimal. Synthesis of enzymes, proteins, and other molecules needed for growth. Log (Exponential) Phase: Rapid cell … Read more
