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Paramethadione reduces neuronal excitability by blocking T-type calcium channels in the CNS. It is prescribed for absence seizures when other treatments are less effective. Chemical Formula: C₆H₁₁NO₂ Mechanism of Action: Same as trimethadione (T-type Ca²⁺ channel blocker) Therapeutic Uses of Paramethadione: Absence seizures (less effective than trimethadione) Side Effects of Paramethadione: Milder than trimethadione but … Read more
Trimethadione is prescribed for absence seizures when other treatments are ineffective It stabilizes neuronal activity by reducing T-type calcium currents in the thalamus.. Chemical Formula: C₆H₁₁NO₂ Mechanism of Action: Blocks T-type Ca²⁺ channels in thalamic neurons Reduces thalamocortical rhythmicity (key in absence seizures) Therapeutic Uses of Trimethadione: Absence seizures (historical) Occasionally used in refractory cases … Read more
Ethotoin is prescribed for the management of generalized tonic-clonic and partial seizures. It stabilizes neuronal membranes by reducing repetitive firing, controlling epileptic activity. Chemical Formula: C₁₁H₁₆N₂O₂ Mechanism: Sodium channel blocker Less potent than phenytoin Therapeutic Uses of Ethotoin: Tonic-clonic seizures Partial seizures Side Effects of Ethotoin: Sedation GI upset Ataxia Less severe toxicity vs. phenytoin … Read more
Opioid Analgesics are powerful pain-relieving drugs that act on opioid receptors to reduce moderate to severe pain. Definition of Opioid Analgesics: Opioid analgesics are drugs that relieve moderate to severe pain by binding to opioid receptors in the central and peripheral nervous system. They mimic the action of endogenous opioids like endorphins and enkephalins. Opioid … Read more
Nootropics (“Smart Drugs”) are cognitive enhancers that improve memory, focus, learning, and mental performance. Definition of Nootropics (“Smart Drugs”): Nootropics are agents that enhance cognitive functions such as memory, learning, creativity, and attention, especially in individuals with cognitive impairments. Some also show mild effects in healthy individuals. Common Nootropic Agents: Cholinesterase Inhibitors Examples: Donepezil, Rivastigmine, … Read more
CNS Stimulants are drugs that enhance brain activity, increasing alertness, focus, energy, and sometimes improving mood and performance. Definition of CNS Stimulants: CNS stimulants are drugs that increase activity of the central nervous system, particularly enhancing alertness, attention, wakefulness, and in some cases, motor activity. They act primarily by increasing levels of dopamine, norepinephrine, or … Read more
Drugs used in Alzheimer’s Disease aim to manage symptoms, slow cognitive decline, and improve daily functioning. These include cholinesterase inhibitors that enhance acetylcholine levels and NMDA receptor antagonists that regulate glutamate activity. By targeting neurotransmitter imbalances, drugs used in Alzheimer’s Disease help improve memory, thinking, and behavior, offering better quality of life for patients. Cholinesterase … Read more
Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) is a chronic neurodegenerative disorder that gradually impairs memory, thinking, and behavior. Marked by progressive cognitive decline, personality changes, and loss of independence, it is the most common cause of dementia in older adults. With no complete cure, early diagnosis, proper treatment, and supportive care play a key role in slowing progression … Read more
Mephenytoin stabilizes neuronal membranes by reducing repetitive firing through sodium channel blockade. It is an anticonvulsant used in managing generalized tonic-clonic and partial seizures. Chemical Formula: C₁₂H₁₄N₂O₂ Mechanism of Mephenytoin: Sodium channel blocker (like phenytoin) Rapid oral absorption Uses of Mephenytoin: Tonic-clonic and partial seizures (historical) Side Effects: Aplastic anemia (rare but serious) Drowsiness, ataxia … Read more
This article explains about the Drugs for Parkinson’s disease improve dopamine levels or reduce symptoms like tremors and stiffness. Dopaminergic Agents Levodopa + Carbidopa Levodopa is a precursor to dopamine that crosses the blood-brain barrier. Carbidopa inhibits peripheral DOPA decarboxylase, preventing conversion of levodopa to dopamine outside the CNS, thus increasing its bioavailability in the … Read more
