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Muscle tissue is a specialized tissue found in animals which functions by contracting and thereby causing movement. This contraction is achieved through the interaction of actin and myosin filaments within muscle cells, known as muscle fibers. Muscle tissue is categorized into three types: skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, and smooth muscle, each with distinct structures and … Read more
Connective tissues provide support, protection, and structure to the body. Types of Connective Tissues Loose Connective Tissue Areolar Tissue Structure: Contains a loose arrangement of fibers and various cell types. Location: Widely distributed under epithelia, surrounds capillaries. Function: Provides cushioning, binds tissues, and allows for nutrient diffusion. Adipose Tissue Structure: Comprised mainly of adipocytes filled … Read more
Epithelial tissues cover body surfaces, line cavities and form glands. They function in protection, secretion, absorption, and transportation. Epithelial tissues are classified based on the number of cell layers and cell shape Simple Epithelium tissue Single layers of cells primarily functions in absorption, secretion, and filtration. Types Simple Squamous Epithelium Structure: Single layer of flat … Read more
Intracellular signalling refers to the communication between cells using signalling molecules and cellular pathways. These signals allow cells to respond to their environment and coordinate their functions. There are several forms of intracellular signalling, which can be classified based on the mode of signal transmission: Contact-dependent signalling In this form of signalling, the signalling molecule … Read more
Intracellular signalling pathways are activated by extracellular signal molecules, which allow cells to respond and adapt to changes in their environment. The process of activating an intracellular signalling pathway typically involves the following steps: Signal Generation A signalling molecule (ligand) is produced and released by a signalling cell in response to a specific stimulus. Signal … Read more
Cell communication is a vital process in multicellular organisms that allows cells to coordinate their activities, respond to changes in their environment, and maintain homeostasis. The general principles of cell communication can be summarized in the following step Signal generation In response to a stimulus, a signalling molecule or ligand is produced and released by … Read more
Cell junctions are specialized structures that connect cells to each other or to the extracellular matrix. These junctions play crucial roles in maintaining the integrity and function of tissues by allowing communication between cells, holding cells together, and regulating the passage of molecules between them. There are three main types of cell junctions: Tight Junctions … Read more
Cell division is a fundamental process in which a parent cell divides into two or more daughter cells. It allows for growth, repair, and reproduction in living organisms. There are two main types of cell division: mitosis (in eukaryotic cells) and binary fission (in prokaryotic cells). Additionally, eukaryotic organisms undergo a specialized form of cell … Read more
Transport across the cell membrane is essential for cells to exchange materials with their environment and maintain homeostasis. Types of transport across cell membrane mechanisms Passive transport across cell membrane Passive transport does not require energy input from the cell, as it relies on the natural movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration … Read more
Basic anatomical terminology is essential for accurate and effective communication in the fields of anatomy, physiology, and medicine. These terms provide a standardized way to describe the location, orientation, and relationships of body structures. Some fundamental anatomical terms include Anatomical Position A reference point for describing the location and orientation of body structures. The anatomical … Read more
