Benzene and its derivatives

• Benzene (C₆H₆) and its derivatives are simple aromatic hydrocarbons, characterized by a six-carbon ring with alternating single and double bonds.
• The molecule is planar, with each carbon atom bonded to two other carbons and a hydrogen atom.
• Due to the presence of resonance structures, the electrons in the π-bonds are delocalized, which results in the ring having a high degree of stability.
• Benzene and its derivatives form a crucial part of organic chemistry, with applications in many industries.

Derivatives of Benzene

• Benzene derivatives are compounds in which one or more hydrogen atoms have been replaced by other atoms or functional groups.
• Some common derivatives include:

  1. Toluene (C6H5CH3)

     • Functional Group: Methyl group (-CH3)
     • Uses: Solvent, fuel additive, starting material for synthesizing other chemicals.

  2. Aniline (C6H5NH2)

     • Functional Group: Amino group (-NH2)
     • Uses: Production of dyes, rubber chemicals, and pharmaceuticals.

  3. Nitrobenzene (C6H5NO2)

     • Functional Group: Nitro group (-NO2)
     • Uses: Precursor for the synthesis of aniline and other chemicals.

  4. Styrene (C6H5CH=CH2)

     • Functional Group: Vinyl group (-CH=CH2)
     • Uses: Production of polystyrene and other plastics.

  5. Xylene (C6H4(CH3)2)

     • Functional Group: Two methyl groups (-CH3)
     • Uses: Solvent, starting material for the production of polyester fibers and other chemicals.

  6. Halo benzenes (C6H5X)

     • Functional Group: Halogen atom (X = F, Cl, Br, I)
     • Uses: Solvents, intermediates in chemical synthesis, production of pesticides and pharmaceuticals.

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