Biomolecules Introduction

• Biomolecules are organic molecules produced by living organisms, essential for the structure, function, and regulation of cells, tissues, and organs.
• They sustain biological processes and can be classified into four major categories: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.

Carbohydrates

1. Structure:

   • Composed of carbon (C), hydrogen (H), and oxygen (O) in a 1:2:1
   • Includes monosaccharides (simple sugars), disaccharides, and polysaccharides (complex carbohydrates).

2. Function:

   • Primary energy source for cells.
   • Serve as structural components (e.g., cellulose in plants, chitin in arthropods).
   • Involved in cell recognition and energy storage (glycogen, starch).

Lipids

1. Structure:

   • Hydrophobic or amphiphilic molecules including fats, oils, phospholipids, and steroids.
   • Non-polar nature allows them to form cell membranes and store energy

2. Function:

   • Energy storage (more efficient than carbohydrates).
   • Form cell membranes (phospholipids in the lipid bilayer).
   • Serve as signaling molecules (steroid hormones like estrogen and testosterone).
   • Provide insulation and organ protection.

Proteins

• Structure:

  • Polymers of amino acids linked by peptide bonds.
  • Fold into complex three-dimensional shapes to perform specific functions.

• Function:

  • Catalyze biochemical reactions (enzymes).
  • Provide structural support (collagen, keratin).
  • Transport molecules (hemoglobin for oxygen transport).
  • Facilitate cell signaling (hormones, receptors).
  • Defend against pathogens (antibodies).

Nucleic Acids

1. Structure:

   • Polymers of nucleotides, each consisting of a nitrogenous base, sugar, and phosphate group.
   • Two main types: DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) and RNA (ribonucleic acid).

2. Function:

   • Store and transmit genetic information (DNA).
   • Regulate gene expression and assist in protein synthesis (RNA).
   • Some RNA molecules have catalytic functions (ribozymes).

Functions of Biomolecules in Biological Processes

• Biomolecules have essential roles across various biological processes, crucial for the survival and functioning of living organisms:

1. Carbohydrates: Provide energy and serve as structural components.
2. Lipids: Store energy, form cell membranes, and act as signaling molecules.
3. Proteins: Catalyze biochemical reactions, provide structural support, transport molecules, facilitate signaling, and defend against pathogens.
4. Nucleic Acids: Store and transmit genetic information, regulate gene expression, and are key to the synthesis of proteins.

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