Coenzymes are small, organic molecules that bind to enzymes and are essential for their catalytic activity. Derived from vitamins, they act as carriers for chemical groups or electrons in enzymatic reactions. Structure and Examples of Coenzymes Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide (NAD⁺) Structure: Two nucleotides (adenine and nicotinamide) joined by phosphate groups. Function: Electron carrier in redox … Read more
Therapeutic Applications of Enzymes and Isoenzymes refer to the use of naturally occurring or engineered enzymes and their isoforms (isoenzymes) in the diagnosis, treatment, and management of diseases. These Therapeutic Applications include enzyme replacement therapies, clot dissolution, anti-inflammatory treatments, cancer therapy, and diagnostic biomarker Enzyme Replacement Therapy (ERT): Purpose: To compensate for deficient or malfunctioning … Read more
Regulation of enzymes through various mechanisms to ensure that biochemical reactions occur at the appropriate times and rates within a cell. Three primary methods is regulation of enzymes are enzyme induction and repression, and allosteric regulation. Enzyme Induction and Repression Enzyme Induction Definition: The process by which the synthesis of an enzyme is increased in response … Read more
Enzyme inhibitors are molecules that interact with enzymes to regulate their activities. They are vital for cellular control and pharmaceutical development of Enzyme Inhibitors, targeting specific enzymatic pathways to treat diseases. Inhibitors can be classified based on their reversibility and mode of action. Reversible Enzyme Inhibitors Reversible inhibitors temporarily bind to enzymes and are classified … Read more
The Lineweaver-Burk plot, also known as the double-reciprocal plot, is a graphical representation used to determine important kinetic parameters of an enzyme-catalyzed reaction, specifically the Michaelis constant (𝐾𝑚) and the maximum reaction velocity (𝑉max). Lineweaver-Burk Equation $\frac{1}{v} = \frac{K_m}{V_{\text{max}} [S]} + \frac{1}{V_{\text{max}}}$ Description: The Lineweaver-Burk plot, or the double reciprocal plot, graphs 1/v (reciprocal of … Read more
Enzyme kinetics is the study of the rates of enzyme-catalyzed reactions. One of the most fundamental models in enzyme kinetics is the Michaelis-Menten model, which describes how the reaction rate depends on the concentration of substrate and the enzyme’s affinity for the substrate. Michaelis-Menten Equation of Enzyme Kinetics The Michaelis-Menten equation is given by: $v … Read more
The nomenclature and IUBMB classification of enzymes refers to the systematic method used to name and categorize enzymes based on the chemical reactions they catalyze. nomenclature and IUBMB classification of enzymes system is governed by the International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (IUBMB). Enzyme Nomenclature Systematic and Descriptive Naming: Enzymes are named systematically to … Read more
Enzymes Properties Definition Enzymes Properties: It is biological catalysts, typically proteins, that speed up the rate of chemical reactions in living organisms without being consumed in the process. They are highly specific, efficient, and function under mild biological conditions. Catalytic Efficiency: Enzymes accelerate chemical reactions by millions-fold, making vital biochemical processes occur rapidly. Specificity: They … Read more
Oxidative phosphorylation is a key process in cellular respiration that occurs in the inner mitochondrial membrane, producing most of the cell’s ATP. It involves two main components: the electron transport chain (ETC) and chemiosmosis. Electron Transport Chain (ETC) Electrons from NADH and FADH2 pass through a series of proteins in the inner mitochondrial membrane. This … Read more
Enzymes Introduction Enzymes Introduction: It is biological catalysts that speed up chemical reactions in living organisms. They are typically proteins, though some RNA molecules also exhibit catalytic properties. Enzymes are crucial for various biochemical processes, including digestion, metabolism, and DNA replication. Characteristics of Enzymes Specificity: Enzymes are highly specific, meaning they catalyze only one type … Read more
