Type 2 Diabetes Introduction Type 2 diabetes, previously known as adult-onset diabetes or non-insulin-dependent diabetes. The most common form of diabetes. Characterized by insulin resistance and relative insulin deficiency. Causes of Type 2 diabetes Genetic Factors Family history increases risk. Lifestyle Factors Obesity, physical inactivity, poor diet, and aging. Metabolic Syndrome A cluster of conditions: … Read more
Type 1 Diabetes Introduction Type 1 Diabetes is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by high levels of glucose (sugar) in the blood. It occurs due to defects in insulin production, insulin action, or both. Insulin is a hormone produced by the pancreas that helps glucose enter cells to be used for energy. Previously known as … Read more
peptic ulcer is a sore that develops on the lining of the stomach, small intestine, or esophagus. It occurs when the protective mucous layer is eroded by stomach acids. Peptic ulcers are classified into gastric ulcers (in the stomach) and duodenal ulcers (in the upper part of the small intestine). Causes of Peptic Ulcer Helicobacter … Read more
Diabetes Introduction Diabetes is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by high levels of glucose (sugar) in the blood. It occurs due to defects in insulin production, insulin action, or both. Insulin is a hormone produced by the pancreas that helps glucose enter cells to be used for energy. It is classified into several types, with … Read more
Hemophilia Introduction Hemophilia is an inherited bleeding disorder characterized by a deficiency in specific clotting factors, leading to prolonged bleeding. The two most common types are Haemophilia A and Haemophilia B. Types Hemophilia A Deficiency: Clotting factor VIII. Genetics: X-linked recessive inheritance, primarily affecting males. Hemophilia B Deficiency: Clotting factor IX. Genetics: X-linked recessive inheritance, … Read more
Hereditary anemia is caused by genetic mutations that affect the production, structure, or function of RBCs. Common Types of Hereditary Anemia: Sickle Cell Anemia Mutation in the HBB gene leads to abnormal hemoglobin S (HbS). Thalassemia Mutations in genes producing alpha or beta globin chains. Hereditary Spherocytosis Mutations in genes encoding RBC membrane proteins, causing … Read more
Thalassemia Introduction Thalassemia is a group of inherited blood disorders caused by mutations affecting hemoglobin production. Results in reduced production of either alpha or beta globin chains, leading to imbalanced globin synthesis, ineffective erythropoiesis, and hemolysis. Categorized into alpha and beta thalassemia based on the affected globin chain. Types of Thalassemia Alpha Caused by deletions or … Read more
Acquired anemias result from external factors or conditions that affect RBC production or lifespan. Common Types Acquired Anemia Iron Deficiency Anemia Due to inadequate iron intake, absorption issues, or chronic blood loss. Vitamin B12 and Folate Deficiency Anemia Caused by poor dietary intake, malabsorption, or increased demand. Anemia of Chronic Disease Associated with chronic infections, … Read more
Iron Deficiency Anemia Introduction Iron Deficiency Anemia occurs the body lacks enough iron to produce hemoglobin, the protein in red blood cells (RBCs) that carries oxygen from the lungs to the rest of the body. Iron is a critical component of hemoglobin, and its deficiency leads to reduced RBC production and anemia. Causes of Iron … Read more
Megaloblastic Anemia Introduction Megaloblastic anemia is a type of anemia characterized by the presence of large, abnormal red blood cells (megaloblasts) in the bone marrow and peripheral blood. It is primarily caused by deficiencies in vitamin B12 or folic acid, both essential for DNA synthesis. Causes of Megaloblastic Anemia: Vitamin B12 Deficiency Dietary Deficiency: Insufficient … Read more
