Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry I

Introduction to Secondary Metabolites R highlights their ecological role and medicinal, industrial applications. Introduction to Secondary Metabolites R also explains plant-derived compounds like alkaloids, terpenoids, and flavonoids. Definition: Secondary metabolites are organic compounds produced by plants, fungi, bacteria, and other microorganisms that are not directly involved in growth, development, or reproduction but play a crucial … Read more

Overview of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) is an ancient healing system developed in China over 2,500 years ago. It integrates herbal medicine, acupuncture, and dietary therapy. Principle TCM is based on the balance of Yin and Yang and the flow of Qi (vital energy) through meridians. The five elements (Wood, Fire, … Read more

Overview of Homeopathy Homeopathy was founded by Samuel Hahnemann in the late 18th century in Germany. It is based on the principle of “Similia Similibus Curentur” (Like Cures Like). Principle This believes that substances that cause symptoms in a healthy person can treat similar symptoms in a diseased person when given in ultra-diluted doses. Diagnosis  … Read more

Overview of Siddha Medicine Siddha medicine is one of the oldest systems of medicine, developed in South India, particularly in Tamil Nadu. It is attributed to Siddhars (ancient spiritual scientists) who had profound knowledge of medicine, yoga, and alchemy. Principle This is based on the concept that human body functions are controlled by five elements … Read more

Overview of Unani Medicine Unani medicine, also known as Greco-Arabic medicine, originated from the teachings of Hippocrates (Greece) and Galen (Rome), later developed by Arab and Persian scholars like Avicenna (Ibn Sina). It is widely practiced in India, the Middle East, and South Asia. Principle The Unani system is based on the humoral theory, which … Read more

What is Plant Tissue Culture? Plant Tissue Culture (PTC) is the technique of growing plant cells, tissues, or organs in a sterile, nutrient-rich medium under controlled conditions. It is used for micropropagation, genetic modification, conservation, and medicinal compound production. General Procedure Selection of Explant A small plant part (leaf, stem, root, meristem, embryo) is chosen … Read more

Ayurveda is one of the oldest holistic healing systems, originating in India over 5,000 years ago. The term “Ayurveda” is derived from Sanskrit words: “Ayur” meaning life “Veda” meaning knowledge or science Ayurveda focuses on maintaining the balance of bodily functions through diet, lifestyle, herbal medicine, and spiritual practices. Principle The fundamental concept in Ayurveda … Read more

Traditional systems of medicine refer to healing practices that have been used for centuries in different cultures. Traditional Systems of Medicine are based on natural remedies, including plant-based medicines, minerals, and animal products, to treat diseases and maintain health. They follow holistic approaches that focus on restoring balance in the body rather than just treating … Read more

Role of Pharmacognosy in Allopathy (Modern Medicine) involves sourcing drugs from natural plants for therapeutic use. Pharmacognosy plays a crucial role in allopathy by contributing to drug discovery, development, and standardization of natural products. Many modern medicines are derived from natural sources, and pharmacognosy helps in identifying, extracting, and modifying bioactive compounds for therapeutic use. … Read more

Maintenance of in plant tissue culture ensures healthy growth, prevents contamination, and supports long-term research use. Maintenance of in plant tissue culture preserves explants under controlled light, temperature, and nutrient conditions. Inoculation and Aseptic Handling Work in a laminar flow cabinet to maintain sterility. Use sterile tools and techniques to transfer explants or subculture tissues. … Read more