Liquid Crystals are substances that exhibit properties between those of conventional liquids and solid crystals. They flow like a liquid but have some degree of ordered structure. They are most well-known for their use in liquid crystal displays (LCDs). Types of Liquid Crystals: Thermotropic: Change their phase in response to temperature. Nematic Phase: Molecules are … Read more
Definition of Liquid Complex: They are homogeneous mixtures consisting of two or more components that interact at the molecular or ionic level, often resulting in unique physical and chemical properties distinct from the individual components. Types of Liquid Complex: Solutions: Homogeneous mixtures where solutes (e.g., salt) are completely dissolved in solvents (e.g., water). Colloids: Mixtures … Read more
Definition of Relative Humidity: It is the ratio of the current amount of water vapor in the air to the maximum amount of water vapor the air can hold at that temperature, expressed as a percentage. Formula of Relative Humidity: RH = (Actual Vapor Pressure / Saturation Vapor Pressure) × 100 Importance: Weather Forecasting: RH … Read more
Gases Gases are one of the primary states of matter characterized by: No Fixed Shape or Volume: Gases expand to fill the shape and volume of their container. Particle Movement: Gas particles move rapidly and freely, with high kinetic energy and low intermolecular forces. Compressibility: Gases can be compressed significantly because of the large spaces … Read more
Definition of Eutectic Mixtures: A eutectic mixture is a specific combination of substances that melts or solidifies at a single, lower temperature than any other composition made from the same components. This specific composition is called the eutectic composition. Key Points of Eutectic Mixtures: Eutectic Point: The unique ratio at which the mixture exhibits the … Read more
Definition of Sublimation Critical Point: The specific temperature and pressure where a substance can exist simultaneously in solid, liquid, and gas phases. Importance of Sublimation: Helps understand sublimation, where a substance transitions directly from solid to gas below the triple point. Example of Sublimation Critical Point: Carbon dioxide sublimates at -78.5°C under standard atmospheric pressure … Read more
It is the pressure exerted by the vapor when a liquid or solid is in equilibrium with its vapour phase. It’s a measure of a substance’s tendency to evaporate. Factors Affecting: Temperature: Higher temperature increases vapour pressure because more particles have enough energy to escape into the vapour phase. Nature of the Liquid: Substances with … Read more
Definition of Latent Heats: Latent Heats is the amount of heat absorbed or released by a substance during a phase change without altering its temperature. Phase Changes Involved in Latent Heats: Fusion (Melting): Solid to liquid. Vaporization (Boiling/Evaporation): Liquid to gas. Sublimation: Solid to gas directly. Condensation: Gas to liquid. Solidification (Freezing): Liquid to solid. … Read more
Changes in the state of matter occur when energy is added to or removed from a substance, causing its particles to rearrange and transition between solid, liquid, and gas phases. These transitions include: 1. Melting as Changes in the State of Matter: Solid to liquid. Occurs when a solid absorbs heat, causing its particles to … Read more
Raoult’s Law: For an ideal solution, the partial vapor pressure of each component is proportional to its mole fraction in $P_i = X_i \cdot P_i^0$ Pi is the partial vapor pressure of component iii. Xi is the mole fraction of component iii in the liquid phase. Pi0 is the vapor pressure of the pure component … Read more
