Structure of BHC (Benzene Hexachloride): Chemical Formula: C6H6Cl6 Description: BHC (Benzene Hexachloride), also known as hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH), is an organochlorine compound. Its structure consists of a cyclohexane ring with six chlorine atoms attached. BHC exists in several isomers, with the gamma isomer (γ-HCH) being the most widely used and commercially significant. Uses: Used as an … Read more
Structure of Saccharin: Chemical Formula: C₇H₅NO₃S Description: Saccharin is an artificial sweetener. Its structure consists of a benzene ring substituted with an amine group, a carbonyl group, and a sulfonyl group. Uses: Used as a non-nutritive sweetener in various food and beverage products, such as diet sodas, sugar-free candies, and tabletop sweeteners. Approximately 300 to … Read more
Salivary glands are exocrine glands in the human body that produce and secrete saliva, a vital fluid that aids in digestion and oral health. Anatomy It is exocrine glands that produce and secrete saliva. There are three pairs of major glands and numerous minor glands in the oral cavity. Parotid glands: The largest glands, located … Read more
Principle of End Runner Mill: Similar to the edge runner mill, operates on the principle of crushing and grinding. However, it uses a pestle and mortar setup. Construction of End Runner Mill: Mortar: Bowl-shaped grinding surface. Pestle: Heavy cylindrical or conical grinding tool. Feed Mechanism: Manual or automated hopper for material input. Discharge Mechanism: Outlet … Read more
Principle of Hammer Mill: Operates on the principle of impact and attrition. Material is fed into a grinding chamber where it is struck by hammers attached to a rotating shaft, resulting in size reduction through impact and shearing forces. Construction of Hammer Mill: Grinding Chamber: Cylindrical chamber where material is introduced. Hammers: Swinging or fixed … Read more
Reynolds number (Re) is a dimensionless number that predicts flow patterns in different fluid flow situations. It is defined as: $\mathrm{Re} = \frac{\rho v L}{\mu} = \frac{v L}{\nu} $ Where: ρ = fluid density v = fluid velocity L = characteristic length (e.g., diameter of a pipe) μ = dynamic viscosity of the fluid ν … Read more
Principle of Orifice Meter: Based on Bernoulli’s theorem and the continuity equation. When fluid passes through an orifice plate, the velocity increases, and pressure decreases. The pressure drop is related to the flow rate. Formula: $Q = C_d A_o \sqrt{\frac{2 \Delta P}{\rho}}$ Where: Q = flow rate Cd = discharge coefficient Ao = area of … Read more
The lungs are essential respiratory organs located in the thoracic cavity, flanking the heart and mediastinum. They are primarily responsible for the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the air and the bloodstream. The anatomy of the lungs is both complex and designed to maximize efficiency in gas exchange. External Anatomy Number and Position: … Read more
Respiratory system is a vital organ system responsible for gas exchange, supplying oxygen to the body and removing carbon dioxide. Here’s an overview of its anatomy, divided into the upper respiratory tract and the lower respiratory tract: Upper Respiratory Tract Nasal Cavity: Structure: Divided by the nasal septum; contains turbinates (conchae) to increase surface area. … Read more
Definition of Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR) Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR) refers to the amount of energy, measured in calories, that your body requires to perform its most basic, life-sustaining functions at rest. These functions include: Breathing Circulation Cell production Nutrient processing Protein synthesis Ion transport Functions Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR) represents the minimum calorie requirement … Read more
