Definition of Liquid Complex: They are homogeneous mixtures consisting of two or more components that interact at the molecular or ionic level, often resulting in unique physical and chemical properties distinct from the individual components. Types of Liquid Complex: Solutions: Homogeneous mixtures where solutes (e.g., salt) are completely dissolved in solvents (e.g., water). Colloids: Mixtures … Read more
Definition of Relative Humidity: It is the ratio of the current amount of water vapor in the air to the maximum amount of water vapor the air can hold at that temperature, expressed as a percentage. Formula of Relative Humidity: RH = (Actual Vapor Pressure / Saturation Vapor Pressure) × 100 Importance: Weather Forecasting: RH … Read more
Gases Gases are one of the primary states of matter characterized by: No Fixed Shape or Volume: Gases expand to fill the shape and volume of their container. Particle Movement: Gas particles move rapidly and freely, with high kinetic energy and low intermolecular forces. Compressibility: Gases can be compressed significantly because of the large spaces … Read more
Definition of Eutectic Mixtures: A eutectic mixture is a specific combination of substances that melts or solidifies at a single, lower temperature than any other composition made from the same components. This specific composition is called the eutectic composition. Key Points of Eutectic Mixtures: Eutectic Point: The unique ratio at which the mixture exhibits the … Read more
Definition of Sublimation Critical Point: The specific temperature and pressure where a substance can exist simultaneously in solid, liquid, and gas phases. Importance of Sublimation: Helps understand sublimation, where a substance transitions directly from solid to gas below the triple point. Example of Sublimation Critical Point: Carbon dioxide sublimates at -78.5°C under standard atmospheric pressure … Read more
It is the pressure exerted by the vapor when a liquid or solid is in equilibrium with its vapour phase. It’s a measure of a substance’s tendency to evaporate. Factors Affecting: Temperature: Higher temperature increases vapour pressure because more particles have enough energy to escape into the vapour phase. Nature of the Liquid: Substances with … Read more
Definition of Latent Heats: Latent Heats is the amount of heat absorbed or released by a substance during a phase change without altering its temperature. Phase Changes Involved in Latent Heats: Fusion (Melting): Solid to liquid. Vaporization (Boiling/Evaporation): Liquid to gas. Sublimation: Solid to gas directly. Condensation: Gas to liquid. Solidification (Freezing): Liquid to solid. … Read more
Changes in the state of matter occur when energy is added to or removed from a substance, causing its particles to rearrange and transition between solid, liquid, and gas phases. These transitions include: 1. Melting as Changes in the State of Matter: Solid to liquid. Occurs when a solid absorbs heat, causing its particles to … Read more
Citric Acid Definition Citric acid is a weak organic acid with the chemical formula C₆H₈O₇. It occurs naturally in citrus fruits like lemons, limes, and oranges and is widely used in food, pharmaceuticals, and cleaning products. It has a sour taste and acts as a natural preservative and flavoring agent. Structure: Chemical Formula: C₆H₈O₇ Molecular … Read more
Carboxylic Acids Acidity are characterized by their carboxyl group (-COOH) and are known for their ability to act as weak acids in solution, only partially ionizing to form a carboxylate anion (RCOO-) and a hydronium ion (H3O+). Several key factors contribute to the Carboxylic Acids Acidity: Resonance Stabilization The carboxylate anion (RCOO-) formed upon deprotonation is … Read more
