Definition of Latent Heats: Latent Heats is the amount of heat absorbed or released by a substance during a phase change without altering its temperature. Phase Changes Involved in Latent Heats: Fusion (Melting): Solid to liquid. Vaporization (Boiling/Evaporation): Liquid to gas. Sublimation: Solid to gas directly. Condensation: Gas to liquid. Solidification (Freezing): Liquid to solid. … Read more
Changes in the state of matter occur when energy is added to or removed from a substance, causing its particles to rearrange and transition between solid, liquid, and gas phases. These transitions include: 1. Melting as Changes in the State of Matter: Solid to liquid. Occurs when a solid absorbs heat, causing its particles to … Read more
Citric Acid Definition Citric acid is a weak organic acid with the chemical formula C₆H₈O₇. It occurs naturally in citrus fruits like lemons, limes, and oranges and is widely used in food, pharmaceuticals, and cleaning products. It has a sour taste and acts as a natural preservative and flavoring agent. Structure: Chemical Formula: C₆H₈O₇ Molecular … Read more
Carboxylic Acids Acidity are characterized by their carboxyl group (-COOH) and are known for their ability to act as weak acids in solution, only partially ionizing to form a carboxylate anion (RCOO-) and a hydronium ion (H3O+). Several key factors contribute to the Carboxylic Acids Acidity: Resonance Stabilization The carboxylate anion (RCOO-) formed upon deprotonation is … Read more
Tartaric acid Definition Tartaric acid is a white, crystalline dicarboxylic acid used widely in the food, pharmaceutical, and chemical industries. It is best known for its role in winemaking, where it contributes to the tart taste and acts as a natural preservative. Structure: Chemical Formula: C₄H₆O₆ Molecular Structure: Contains two carboxyl groups (-COOH) and two … Read more
Lactic Acid Definition Lactic acid is an organic compound with the formula C₃H₆O₃, classified as an alpha-hydroxy acid (AHA). It is naturally produced in the body during anaerobic respiration (when oxygen is scarce), especially during intense physical activity. It is also found in fermented foods like yogurt and sourdough. Structure: Chemical Formula: C₃H₆O₃ Molecular Structure: … Read more
Acetic Acid Definition Acetic Acid: A clear, colorless organic compound with the chemical formula CH₃COOH, acetic acid is a carboxylic acid known for its sharp, vinegar-like odor and sour taste. It is the main component of vinegar (apart from water) and is used widely in the food industry, chemical manufacturing, and as a solvent or … Read more
Raoult’s Law: For an ideal solution, the partial vapor pressure of each component is proportional to its mole fraction in $P_i = X_i \cdot P_i^0$ Pi is the partial vapor pressure of component iii. Xi is the mole fraction of component iii in the liquid phase. Pi0 is the vapor pressure of the pure component … Read more
Understanding the States of Matter and Their Properties States of matter refer to the distinct forms that different phases of matter take based on the arrangement and energy of their particles. The three primary states of matter are solid, liquid, and gas. Each state has unique characteristics and behaviors that define how substances interact with … Read more
Qualitative tests for identifying carboxylic acids, amides, and esters involve distinct reactions that capitalize on the unique reactivity of each functional group. Below, we delve into the Qualitative tests for each group, explaining the chemistry behind them and how they’re conducted. Carboxylic Acids Litmus Test Principle: Carboxylic acids are acidic and can donate a proton … Read more
