Reynolds number (Re) is a dimensionless number that predicts flow patterns in different fluid flow situations. It is defined as: $\mathrm{Re} = \frac{\rho v L}{\mu} = \frac{v L}{\nu} $ Where: ρ = fluid density v = fluid velocity L = characteristic length (e.g., diameter of a pipe) μ = dynamic viscosity of the fluid ν … Read more
Principle of Orifice Meter: Based on Bernoulli’s theorem and the continuity equation. When fluid passes through an orifice plate, the velocity increases, and pressure decreases. The pressure drop is related to the flow rate. Formula: $Q = C_d A_o \sqrt{\frac{2 \Delta P}{\rho}}$ Where: Q = flow rate Cd = discharge coefficient Ao = area of … Read more
The lungs are essential respiratory organs located in the thoracic cavity, flanking the heart and mediastinum. They are primarily responsible for the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the air and the bloodstream. The anatomy of the lungs is both complex and designed to maximize efficiency in gas exchange. External Anatomy Number and Position: … Read more
Respiratory system is a vital organ system responsible for gas exchange, supplying oxygen to the body and removing carbon dioxide. Here’s an overview of its anatomy, divided into the upper respiratory tract and the lower respiratory tract: Upper Respiratory Tract Nasal Cavity: Structure: Divided by the nasal septum; contains turbinates (conchae) to increase surface area. … Read more
Definition of Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR) Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR) refers to the amount of energy, measured in calories, that your body requires to perform its most basic, life-sustaining functions at rest. These functions include: Breathing Circulation Cell production Nutrient processing Protein synthesis Ion transport Functions Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR) represents the minimum calorie requirement … Read more
Creatine phosphate (also known as phosphocreatine) is a high-energy molecule stored in muscles that helps rapidly regenerate ATP, the primary energy currency of cells, during short bursts of intense physical activity, such as weightlifting or sprinting. Formation of Creatine Phosphate: 1. Synthesis: Creatine is synthesized in the liver and kidneys from the amino acids glycine, … Read more
(ATP)Adenosine triphosphate is a complex organic chemical that plays a crucial role in the energy transfer within cells, making it essential for a wide range of biological processes. Adenosine triphosphate is often referred to as the “molecular unit of currency” of intracellular energy transfer. This means that Adenosine triphosphate is the primary energy carrier in all … Read more
Disorders of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) encompass a wide range of conditions that affect different parts of the digestive system, from the esophagus to the rectum. Here is an overview of some common GIT disorders: Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD) Description: A chronic condition where stomach acid frequently flows back into the esophagus, causing irritation. Symptoms: … Read more
Digestion and absorption of nutrients is a vital process where food is broken down and nutrients are absorbed to provide energy and support body functions. Digestion of nutrients Digestion is a process of breaking down food into smaller, absorbable components through mechanical and chemical actions. 1. Mechanical Digestion Mouth: Food is physically broken down by … Read more
The gastrointestinal tract (GIT) performs a series of coordinated movements to propel food through the digestive system and mix it with digestive enzymes. These movements are essential for the effective breakdown, absorption, and elimination of food. The main types of GIT movements are: Peristalsis: Rhythmic, wave-like contractions that propel food through the GIT from the … Read more
