Excipients used in semi solid dosage forms

• Excipients are inactive ingredients added to enhance the physical properties, stability, and patient acceptability of semisolid dosage forms.
• Common types include:

1. Bases:

   1. Provide structure and consistency. They can be lipophilic (e.g., petrolatum, lanolin) or hydrophilic (e.g., polyethylene glycols).

2. Gelling Agents:

   1. Form the gel structure in semisolids. Examples include carbomers, hydroxyethyl cellulose, and xanthan gum.

3. Emulsifying Agents:

   1. Stabilize emulsions in creams and ointments. Examples include polysorbates, cetyl alcohol, and sorbitan esters.

4. Solvents:

   • Dissolve or disperse drugs and excipients. Examples include water, glycerin, propylene glycol, and ethanol.

5. Penetration Enhancers:

   • Improve drug absorption through the skin. Examples include oleic acid, ethanol, and sodium lauryl sulfate.

6. Stabilizers:

   • Maintain product stability. Includes antioxidants (e.g., BHT), chelating agents (e.g., EDTA), and pH adjusters (e.g., citric acid).

7. Preservatives:

   • Prevent microbial growth in water-containing formulations. Examples include parabens, benzalkonium chloride, and phenoxyethanol.

8. Thickeners:

   • Increase viscosity. Examples include colloidal silicon dioxide and carboxymethyl cellulose.

9. Humectants:

   • Retain moisture and improve skin hydration. Examples include glycerin, propylene glycol, and sorbitol.

10. Coloring Agents, Fragrances, and Flavors:

    • Enhance appearance and acceptability. Examples include FD&C dyes, essential oils, and natural/artificial Flavors.

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