Principles of Sieve Shaker: Operates based on the principle of size separation through sieving. Particles are sorted by passing through a stack of sieves with progressively smaller openings, relying on gravity and mechanical motion to achieve separation. Construction of Sieve Shaker: Sieves: A stack of sieves with different mesh sizes. Shaking Mechanism: A motor-driven device … Read more
Principles of Air Separator: Separates particles based on size, shape, and density using an airflow. Lighter and finer particles are carried away by the air stream, while heavier particles settle. Construction of Air Separator: Separation Chamber: A vertical or horizontal chamber where separation occurs. Fans/Blowers: Generate the airflow required for separation. Inlet: For feeding the … Read more
Principles of Cyclone Separator: Operates on the principle of centrifugal separation. Particles are separated from a gas stream by centrifugal forces generated within a cyclone chamber. Construction of Cyclone Separator: Cyclone Chamber: A cylindrical or conical chamber with a tangential inlet. Inlet: For the gas-particle mixture. Outlet: For clean gas at the top and for … Read more
Principles of Bag Filter: Separates particles from a gas stream by passing the stream through filter bags. Particles are trapped on the surface of the bags, and clean gas exits the system. Construction of Bag Filter: Filter Bags: Made from woven or felted fabric. Housing: Encloses the filter bags and supports the gas flow system. … Read more
Principles of Elutriation Tank: Separates particles based on their settling velocities in a fluid. Finer particles are carried upward by the fluid flow, while coarser particles settle at the bottom. Construction of Elutriation Tank: Tank: A vertical tank filled with fluid. Fluid Inlet: At the bottom to introduce fluid flow. Feed Inlet: For introducing the … Read more
Principle of End Runner Mill: Similar to the edge runner mill, operates on the principle of crushing and grinding. However, it uses a pestle and mortar setup. Construction of End Runner Mill: Mortar: Bowl-shaped grinding surface. Pestle: Heavy cylindrical or conical grinding tool. Feed Mechanism: Manual or automated hopper for material input. Discharge Mechanism: Outlet … Read more
Principle of Hammer Mill: Operates on the principle of impact and attrition. Material is fed into a grinding chamber where it is struck by hammers attached to a rotating shaft, resulting in size reduction through impact and shearing forces. Construction of Hammer Mill: Grinding Chamber: Cylindrical chamber where material is introduced. Hammers: Swinging or fixed … Read more
Reynolds number (Re) is a dimensionless number that predicts flow patterns in different fluid flow situations. It is defined as: $\mathrm{Re} = \frac{\rho v L}{\mu} = \frac{v L}{\nu} $ Where: ρ = fluid density v = fluid velocity L = characteristic length (e.g., diameter of a pipe) μ = dynamic viscosity of the fluid ν … Read more
Principle of Orifice Meter: Based on Bernoulli’s theorem and the continuity equation. When fluid passes through an orifice plate, the velocity increases, and pressure decreases. The pressure drop is related to the flow rate. Formula: $Q = C_d A_o \sqrt{\frac{2 \Delta P}{\rho}}$ Where: Q = flow rate Cd = discharge coefficient Ao = area of … Read more
Principle of Pitot Tube: Based on Bernoulli’s theorem. Measures the difference between the stagnation pressure and static pressure to determine fluid velocity. Formula: $v = \sqrt{\frac{2\Delta P}{\rho}} $ Where: v = flow velocity ΔP = difference between stagnation pressure and static pressure ρ = fluid density Construction of Pitot Tube: Pitot Tube: L-shaped tube with … Read more
