Salicylic Acid Definition Salicylic acid is a phenolic acid and a type of beta hydroxy acid that functions as a keratolytic, anti-inflammatory, and antibacterial agent. It is commonly used to treat acne, warts, psoriasis, and other skin disorders due to its ability to exfoliate the skin and unclog pores. Structure: Chemical Formula: C₇H₆O₃ Molecular Structure: … Read more
Oxalic Acid Definition Oxalic Acid is a colorless, crystalline organic compound with the formula C₂H₂O₄ (or commonly written as (COOH)₂). It is the simplest dicarboxylic acid and occurs naturally in many plants, including rhubarb, spinach, and beet greens. Structure: Chemical Formula: C₂H₂O₄ Molecular Structure: Contains two carboxyl groups (-COOH) directly attached to each other. Geometry: … Read more
Succinic Acid Definition Succinic acid is a dicarboxylic acid with the chemical formula C₄H₆O₄. It consists of four carbon atoms, six hydrogen atoms, and four oxygen atoms, and structurally, it contains two carboxyl (-COOH) groups. It occurs naturally in plants, animals, and microorganisms, and plays a role in the citric acid (Krebs) cycle as an … Read more
Citric Acid Definition Citric acid is a weak organic acid with the chemical formula C₆H₈O₇. It occurs naturally in citrus fruits like lemons, limes, and oranges and is widely used in food, pharmaceuticals, and cleaning products. It has a sour taste and acts as a natural preservative and flavoring agent. Structure: Chemical Formula: C₆H₈O₇ Molecular … Read more
Carboxylic Acids Acidity are characterized by their carboxyl group (-COOH) and are known for their ability to act as weak acids in solution, only partially ionizing to form a carboxylate anion (RCOO-) and a hydronium ion (H3O+). Several key factors contribute to the Carboxylic Acids Acidity: Resonance Stabilization The carboxylate anion (RCOO-) formed upon deprotonation is … Read more
Tartaric acid Definition Tartaric acid is a white, crystalline dicarboxylic acid used widely in the food, pharmaceutical, and chemical industries. It is best known for its role in winemaking, where it contributes to the tart taste and acts as a natural preservative. Structure: Chemical Formula: C₄H₆O₆ Molecular Structure: Contains two carboxyl groups (-COOH) and two … Read more
Lactic Acid Definition Lactic acid is an organic compound with the formula C₃H₆O₃, classified as an alpha-hydroxy acid (AHA). It is naturally produced in the body during anaerobic respiration (when oxygen is scarce), especially during intense physical activity. It is also found in fermented foods like yogurt and sourdough. Structure: Chemical Formula: C₃H₆O₃ Molecular Structure: … Read more
Acetic Acid Definition Acetic Acid: A clear, colorless organic compound with the chemical formula CH₃COOH, acetic acid is a carboxylic acid known for its sharp, vinegar-like odor and sour taste. It is the main component of vinegar (apart from water) and is used widely in the food industry, chemical manufacturing, and as a solvent or … Read more
Qualitative tests for identifying carboxylic acids, amides, and esters involve distinct reactions that capitalize on the unique reactivity of each functional group. Below, we delve into the Qualitative tests for each group, explaining the chemistry behind them and how they’re conducted. Carboxylic Acids Litmus Test Principle: Carboxylic acids are acidic and can donate a proton … Read more
Inductive effect in carboxylic acids refers to the transmission of charge through a chain of atoms, influenced by differences in electronegativity. Inductive effect plays a crucial role in determining the acidity of carboxylic acids by either stabilizing or destabilizing the carboxylate ion formed when a carboxylic acid donates a proton (H⁺). Understanding the Inductive Effect in … Read more
